For tires, 205 or 215 is about as wide as you can go without getting into clearance problems. A 215/75-15 will give you a diameter of 27.7" versus the 25.4" of the stock 185-14 tire. Just remember that you should have at least a 6" wide rim to support that section width, and 6.5-7" is even better. That size tire has a load rating of 100 (1740 lb), 30% higher than the stock tire size.
You will indeed have a speedo/odo error, about 10% if you use the 215/75-15. Your speedo will indicate lower than your true speed, i.e., you'll be doing 66 mph at an indicated 60. I think your vintage Brick uses the mechanical speedo, and a speedometer shop ought to be able to change the drive gears at the tranny end to get your speedo more accurate.
The rear axle is a Dana 30 (also used on the front of many Jeep models), and lots of gear ratios are available, although not from Volvo. I think the stock rear axle for the auto trans 3.73; with the taller tires you would need to go 10% higher (numerically) to get back to where you were, so that would be about 4.1 or higher. Try a 4WD shop for a different gear set, and maybe even look into a limited slip (I love mine). I have seen listings of gearsets up to 5.38 for that axle, so you should be able to find something that works for you.
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