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Sorry to hear about the accident. I have some thoughts for your consideration, but no really good suggestions.
You may have at least two electrical problems that may not be related to each other, but it will be hard to diagnose them without a wiring diagram or the right tools, and this is a rough time of year to work outdoors.
Belt slipping - are you sure that the slip is at the alternator? With the car shut off, can you turn the alternator pulley inside the belts by pressing on an alternator fan blade with your thumb? If not, and it spun freely before you put it on, then the slipping problem is some other device on the belt (e.g. air conditioner, power steering) or the alternator was trying to put out a LOT of amperage (see discussion below).
Based on the fact that your battery went dead during the day, and the tester registered low voltage, it sounds like the alternator was not charging. Yet, you say that headlights were bright after the jump start, which suggests that it was producing voltage at that point (though the voltage might power the lights and ignition, even if it is not getting to the battery. Check wiring to alternator for corrosion or bad insulation that allows the bare wire to short to the engine block. As always, make sure the alternator is well grounded.
I don't have a wiring diagram, but if the thick wire that carries current from the alternator to the battery was shorted to ground, you might have an alternator trying to put out infinite amperage, which would pull really hard and make the belt slip, until either the wire or the alternator flame-broiled.
See if you have battery voltage at the heavy terminal on the alternator when the car is not running. If not, trace that wire to the battery and figure out where the connection is failing.
Another possiblity is one or more failed diodes in the alternator. If you get AC instead of DC from the alternator, you might power the headlights, but you won't charge the battery, and it will have bizzare effects on relays and computers.
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