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Everyone should always take care that their battery connections are tight. If a cable comes off even momentarily, that's the end of the alternator. The battery helps to moderate the alternator's output -- losing this, the alternator's output spikes to maximum voltage (over 40 volts) and the diodes cannot tolerate this.
Every boater knows (because on board there's always a battery disconnect switch required for fire safety) that if the switch is thrown (to "off") when the engine is running, the alternator is "fried". But car folks don't widely know this because there's no disconnect switch on a car.
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