Yes it can. The driveshaft may be a touch too long (poor design by Volvo) and, as it rotates, can take up all the slack in the system thereby banging into the tranny shaft, thus jostling the engine and attached components.

Have you shimmed UP the center carrier bearing? You can do that per Volvo's tech bulletin as much as 1/2". That usually takes care of the problem but in extreme cases the drive shaft needs to be shortened. See the info in the FAQ for the proper shimming procedures.

If the rubber carrier is shot and is hanging lower than designed, that too can take up slack and cause what you describe.

I can see where, theoretically, a small amount of movement in the rear suspension due to worn bushings could exacerbate the problem but I think that unlikely. It could just as easily be the engine/tranny being slightly out of position (rearward) after you tightened up the new mounts. Don't rule out u-joints either until you check them for stiffness. Be aware! If you dismantle the driveline, it was balanced as a complete unit so it must go back together the same way. That too has been discussed in the archives.

I suggest you check everything you can before spending cash on new suspension bushings, in my experience, from what you describe as symptoms, I think they are the least likely culprit.