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Unless the voltage across the battery is above 12 V, the alternator is not producing current at all, or at least not enough to charge the battery.
DO NOT disconnect a battery cable while the engine is running - some think that is a way to test the alternator, and maybe it is, but there's a chance that the resulting voltage spike can fry some expensive electronics.
It is the voltage in excess of 12 volts that charges the battery.
On a Volvo, I would suspect the brushes/voltage regulator unit. It is a single unit mounted on the rear of the alternator with two machine screwes. It is replaceable as a unit.
On a non-Volvo, it might be the same, have a look.
Good Luck,
Bob
:>)
PS: Do you have a tow strap? Having a 15-footer makes towing a dead car home quite simple, expecially since the Volvos have a towing loop front and rear. (Not on the rear is car has a trailer hitch.)
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