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Lucid
Your answers are often on-target and usually complete, but you missed tow important possibilities on this one...
When checking the output at the alternator itself, to identify a working alternator whose current is lost on its way to the battery, one MUST use the alternator housing as a test point on a Volvo. The rubber mounted alternator needs a separate ground wire and they CAN fail or get dirty mountings.
If the charge voltage is still low at the alternator (big stud to case), then a loose belt is next to check. With engine stopped, push alternator fan firmly with thumb. If it turns and engine does not, tighten belt. Still slips with tight belt, replace belt with new as simply being tight is not good enough. Common symptom is a properly operating BAT light (on with stopped engine, goes out when started) but poor charging of battery.
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