Jeff, I can help with some of it. I don't have the engine ID numbers or upholstery codes, though.

Chassis
Typ: 222441M

1st digit = 2 = Estate (a.k.a. wagon)
2nd digit = 2 = 4-door
3rd digit = 2 = B18D engine
4th digit = 4 = U.S. Export model
5th digit = 4 = 4-speed, no overdrive
6th digit = 1 = left hand drive
Letter = M = Produced between August '66 and August '67

Colour: 79

"Pearl White"

I always believed that the chassis of the car is the frame. I know we are dealing with a unibody here but why is there a chassis number yet also a body number?

Body numbers were assigned to track bodies through manufacturing. Chassis numbers were assigned to completed cars, which is a different thing. You are reading the chassis *type* -- including motor, transmission, destination market, etc. -- on the ID plate, but not the actual chassis serial number. The VIN is the chassis type followed by that serial number, and you'll find it stamped into the body (not on a tag) between the battery and heater box. The chassis serial numbers for an M production wagon range from 44600 to 51799 -- you can get some idea whether your car is an early or late '67 from comparing the number stamped into yours to that.

I always hear people talk about P220, the 'S' designation, etc. Does anyone know where one can look up what all of these different body and style numbers mean?

It's confusing because the cars are not badged by model number. In the Amazon series:

Model designations:
P120 = 4-door
P130 = 2-door
P220 = wagon

Badging in most markets:
121 = standard model, single carburetor (never sold new in the U.S.)
122S = sport model, dual carburetors -- these can be any of the three models types
123GT = special limited production super sport version of the P130 only