You did it almost right. The way to avoid damaging the plastic line is to unbolt the filter from its mounting so that you can control the bolt and filter housing better, while allowing flex of the hard plastic pipe if the banjo turns.

Some auto parts stores used to carry repair nipples for high-pressure fuel pipes. They were much more common in the days of K-Jet injection. If you can find a local wrecking yard, you might get lucky and find a used one. Forget taping the line - it's got 43PSI pressure when running.